Horse Health

Learn How Horses Get Their Colors

August 28, 2008

Can you  name all 17 horse colors?

Legends say that a red horse is fiery, a dun is tough, and a white-legged horse is bad-footed. However, the wisest horsemen also say there is no such thing as a good horse that’s a bad color.

There are 17 recognized American Quarter Horse colors: chestnut, sorrel, black, brown, gray, bay, palomino, buckskin, cremello, perlino, white, dun, red dun, grullo, red roan, bay roan and blue roan. All of them are derivatives of two base colors. Simply put, any color of horse you can think of is either black-based or red-based. All other colors – bay, gray or roan – are just modifications of these two basics.

Download your FREE AQHA Coat Color Genetics report, explaining each of the 17 Quarter Horse colors.

The Base-ics

All horse colors are caused by two pigments. One is responsible for black, and the other for the reds, ranging from yellow to dark red. White hair results from an absence of pigment. A horse with pink skin lacks pigment and gets the pink color from blood vessels under the surface of the skin.

The first rule in identifying a horse’s color is to ignore the white markings. They are different than base colors, like icing on a cake. Of the two base colors, black is a dominant color and red is recessive. This means that a black horse will appear black whether it has two copies of the black gene (homozygous) or one black and one red gene (heterozygous). A horse will only appear red if it has two copies of the red gene.

A black-based horse is any animal that exhibits black on the points (ears, mane, tail and legs). A red horse won’t have any black on the points, even if the mane and tail appear dark or black.

Black-based colors are black, bay, buckskin, grulla, dun, blue and bay roan, perlino and brown.

Sorrel and chestnut are red, as are palomino, cremello, red roan and red dun.

Some black horses can become sun-faded and appear to have a brown tint to their coat, but genetically are black. It can be hard to differentiate between brown and black horses. Brown horses can appear so dark as to be nearly black but are given away by brown or tan hairs, usually around the muzzle and groin area of the horse.

Genetically the same color, sorrel and chestnut are used to define different shades of the recessive red gene. A chestnut horse’s coat has a brown tint, with the most extreme color being an almost dark brown “liver” color. Sorrels, on the other hand, appear more red or copper colored. This color can have variations, such as a flaxen mane (sometimes confused with palomino) or a dark mane and tail, which is caused by a higher concentration of pigment.

Learn more with AQHA’s detailed Color Color Genetics report. This full-color chart offers examples of each of the 17 recognized coat colors. Share this incredible FREE resource with your friends!

Comments

79 Comments on “Learn How Horses Get Their Colors”

  • Rocket

    So if you breed a bay to a bay – (black genes – both dominant) both exhibiting the black gene (black points) how do you get a sorrel foal?

  • leslie rogers

    both horses are heterozygous?

  • Heather

    “So if you breed a bay to a bay – (black genes – both dominant) both exhibiting the black gene (black points) how do you get a sorrel foal?”

    A bay has one black allele and one chestnut/red allele, plus at least one agouti allele. The foal will either get two copies of black, 1 copy of black and 1 copy of red, or two copies of red. The last foal will be chestnut/sorrel, and the first foal will be black. The middle foal (1 black allele and 1 red allele) will be black if the agouti gene isn’t present, or bay if it is.

    In short, bay to bay will give you a 25% chance of red/chestnut/sorrel.

  • Suzy Thyssen

    I have a buckskin mare I would like to breed. After considering conformation and temperament, I would like to breed for a buckskin foal. What combination would give me the best chance?

  • Carol

    Suzy,
    Find a super nice bay stud with possibly a buckskin parent. Make sure his parents are what you like too as I strongly believe in the first set of grandparents. We have a buttermilk buckskin stud. We bred her to our bay mare, sired by a golden buckskin. The foal was a black/gold colored buckskin. You know the super gold with black lacing/dapples all over him. Gorgeous and was sold in utero. Only one out there on the show circuit like him.
    Good luck,
    Carol

  • Leah

    I have a red roan mare in foal to a brown stallion. The Stallion’s sire is brown and his dam is chestnut. I’m not sure about the mare’s sire and dam. What possible colors could the resulting foal be? I also bred the same stallion to a gray mare…what could the color of that foal be? Is there any way to predict white markings? Thanks!

  • barbara Stoot

    Great article but you failed to mention Grey where does this fit in ?

  • renee

    I think greys fall under the black……. I think 90% sure

  • renee

    OH..OH… heres one… I use to own a yellow? dun gelding. His paperd just considered him a dun at the time (birthed in 1973 lines back to QuestionMark ) Anyway.. he LOOKED like a palamino (white mane/tail) with a dominant dorsal stripe along with leg bars and shoulder bars. where does this coloring come from? I dont have the papers on him to verify the parents colors; We sold him many years ago…..

  • Kyla

    I know you get tired of all these color questions but I have a mare that’s dam was red roan appish with out the blanket colored and her sire was bay is there any possibility I could get a palomino or buckskin out of her??? or really dark bay???? thanks.

  • Tim Parker

    Can you have a Reg. Paint and have it Registered as a Quarterhorse also?

  • Janel Born

    I tried to download your free color chart and it said there was an error. I would really like to recieve the chart.

  • Tami

    I bred a black mare to a red dun stallion. The foal was born looking like a grullo, but shed out and looks black unless you get him in bright light. He has the dorsal stripe, shoulder and leg stripes of a dun and there are red hairs on his muzzle and scattered throughout his coat. What color do I register him as?The closest color I can find is dusky or dilute black but that’s not an option with the AQHA.

  • Virginia Wilcox

    Tami, A black is a base coat color and the dun factor is a seperate gene, so you can have a black horse with the dun markings. Hence the markings in the sun. When a black foal is born it is born with a “grulla” coloring to them, you have to wait for them to shed their first coat. Also to make matters worse, or better, you could have either a Jet black or just a black. Jet black will not fade in the sun a black will. He will be registered as a black with the dun markings, but for AQHA to acknowledge the markings you will need to have some really, really good pics of the dun markings.

  • Virginia Wilcox

    Tim, unless you have a paint with two quarter parents…no but if it has two quarter and is a cropout yes…now you have to do a little groundwork. The original owner (if you are not) has to submit a stallion breeding report, if they will. and then you need to check, depending on the age of your foal, what it will cost for registration. Also you will need the parentage verification. if you have any further questions you can email me directly. There are a lot of “double-registered horses out there…

  • Virginia Wilcox

    greys are a seperate gene than a “base color” either black or chestnut/sorrel so the percentages of colors that would produce a grey is undetermined. The way to get a grey is to breed a grey to a grey. USUALLY breeding a grey to a solid will produce a grey…but I had a grey mare bred to a sorrel and white and produced a black and white paint…twice…following year same thing.

  • Mekelle

    Not true.. Breeding and grey to a grey isn’t necessarily going to give you a grey. I have a 5 month old colt who is born out of a dark grey stallion and a light grey mare. When I went Easter morning to check on my mare, I had a a little bay colt, who has then decided to change colors. Babies that are turning grey will form a dark circle of black or grey hair around their eyes, which he did. He proceeded to change and for a while I thought I was going to get a dark grey, but he had since then continued to change his coloring to almost a buckskin/dark grullo color. His grandsire is considered a palomino though he has a dark grey/black dapple that could be described as a buckskin dappling (which is his sire’s color (CB Command)) but has similar color as the 5 month old colt but not quite as dark and if his mane and tail didn’t grow out the color of being a dark silver he probably would have been registered as a buckskin.

  • Carol

    Renee, I own a horse with the exact coloring you mentioned. Palomino with distinct dun markings. After doing a little research it was determined that a palomino can have the dun factor as well, just like other colors such as bay or sorrel. Some people refer to them as dunalinos.

  • Kathy Waldram

    I had a bay mare that was bred to Tim McQuay’s stud Dun it with a Twist. The foal was a pale shade of cream with chocolate socks above the knee and dorsal stripe and zebra stripes on the legs….also chocolate mane and tail. The vet when she was a long yeaRLING SAID THAT SHE WAS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL HORSE THAT HE HAD EVER SEEN….THE VERY METALIC SHEEN WAS ALSO EVIDENT…..KATHY

  • MARGIE

    IF YOU WANT TO KNOW WHAT COLORS YOUR GOING TO GET WHEN BREEDING TO HORSES TOGETHER GO TO
    http://www.animalgenetics.com GO TO THE COLOR CALCULATOR IT HAS ALL YOUR ANSWERS THRU DNA TESTS ON WHAT COLORS YOU CAN GET. HAVE FUN WITH IT!

  • MARGIE

    SORRY ITS http://www.aninalgenetics.us.com

  • chris

    The web address is http://www.animalgenetics.us

  • Mare Halucha

    Color Genetics can be tricky and there really is no exact science to it in the long run, only base ideas. The horses that are coming up as Palominos with Dun markings are most likely Claybank Duns. Greys/Grays (depending on your area of the world for spelling) doesn’t always produce a grey, we owned a recessive grey, she had a lot of red coloring in her main and tail and before I owned her, her first two foals were sorrels sired by a recessive Palomino stallion. We bred her to my bay stud this year, due in the summer some time, liable for a chestnut or a deep bay. And my most interesting colored horse is my currect 3 y/o, her body coat is a red road, but her main and tail are black and white and her legs have black socks, shes out of a bay mare with bay lineage and by a blue roan stud with blue roan and bay lineage, go figure where she came out of…

  • Dawn

    we have a red dun stallion that sires LOTS of buckskins/duns with the pretty golden color and black points, if the mare has any black in her at all it is a buckskin, the sorrels are red duns, the chestnuts are the hardest to break the coloring though. He has also produced a palomino out of a dark bay, and a grullo out of a bay. So the color charts are a guess at best I think, as we should not be getting the colors that we do. Maybe the Oregon weather is at play!

  • Lauren

    I have a dapple grey mare and I want to breed her with a fleabitten grey stud and I want to have a guess of what the outcome would be.

    I was also have another dapple grey mare and want to know what the foal would be with a palomino sabino stud.

  • Aria

    I have a chestnut mare with a bit of white in her, and the stallion is a greyish, blackish, whitish, brownish color, what kinda foal would I get?

    Thanks for your help!

  • The Future Is Wide Open – America’s Horse Daily

    [...] eyeballing the yearling out in the pasture, who’s oblivious to the dreams pinned to his chestnut coat. Already, I’m wishing that it was time to start him, too. There’s a lot of years [...]

  • katie

    nice hose information .

  • Tahirah Greene

    horses are so cute it’s good to know how they get their coats, colors and breeds.

  • The New Guy – America’s Horse Daily

    [...] site address, which had more information and also listed a few other horses. Among them was a cute flaxen-maned sorrel gelding who was doing light ranch work and trail riding. “Val” sounded promising enough [...]

  • Lindsey Novak

    If I have a Palomino mare and i was to breed her to a black and white overo paint. What are my color options for the foal. The stud is Homozygous. Also If I bred a Palomino to a Cremello what would my color options be? Thank You!

  • Debbie Black, Equine Color Specialist

    Dear Lindsey,

    You indicated the black and white overo stallion was homozygous, but you did not clarify if that is homozygous for the black gene. Assuming that is what you meant breeding him to your palomino mare could result in a buckskin, bay, black, smoky black or possibly brown. Breeding your palomino mare to a palomino will result in 50% palomino. 25% sorrel and 24% cremello. Breeding the palomino to a cremello will get either palomino or cremello.

    I hope this helps.

  • Dena

    I had bred two beautiful paints together last April. Both are Arab-Paint/Pinto crosses. Both tobiano pattern. Stud was a dark or mahogany bay and mare was a grey color. Is there a chance it could be a black? Or what do you think it could be? If a paint/pinto at all.

  • Amanda M

    i just breed my dapple grey but also has a lot of freckles on her to a chesnut stallion. what are my possible colors i might get? what do i have to breed her to to get a palomino?

  • Lisa Covey

    Hello Amanda,

    Thank you for your e-mail and to answer your question, when breeding your gray mare to your chestnut stallion the possible colors would depend on what is in the pedigree of the gray. One thing to remember is we would need to know the color of the gray before turning gray. Without that information the sorrel/chestnut will pass on only the red gene. Thus I could tell you the foals would be sorrel/chestnut or gray.

    To answer your second question, a palomino is genetically a sorrel/chestnut with one crème dilution gene. If you have a solid colored horse (not palomino or buckskin) you will need to breed to a palomino/buckskin.

    To better assist you with your individual situation you are welcome to call the office so I can discuss this with you. Just ask for me or a color expert. Thanks for your questions!

    Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Specialist
    806-378-4550

  • Suzette Thompson

    We just had a new foal. It is out of our Dun mare and our Palomino Stallion. It appears to be black…is this possible or will it change to a Gullo with age? The colt has some grey on his legs. Thank you

  • Lisa Covey

    Hello Suzette,

    Thank you for your e-mail and to answer your question on the color of your foal, and from what you have described it sounds like this foal will be black. I would give the foal some time to shed and if you are still unsure feel free to contact us.

    Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Specialist
    806-378-4550

  • Brittany

    If I breed a Grulla stallion with a Chestnut mare what color am I likely to get??

  • Lisa Covey

    Hello Brittany,

    Thank you for your e-mail and to answer your question your coat color possibilities are grullo, dun, red dun, black, bay or chestnut. When the foal is born, and you are not sure about its color keep in mind you can leave the color blank on the application and submit photos. We will be happy to help by reviewing your photographs.

    Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Specialist
    806-378-4550

  • Natasha

    Hi, I have a flea bitten QH mare that I would like to breed to a blue roan (varnish) Appy stud . . . I am wondering what color I may possible get! Her last foal was a sorrel (no clue what color the stud was). I know grey can mask anything but what are my possibilities?

  • Lisa Covey

    Hello Natasha,

    Thank your for your e-mail however we are not able to answer your question in detail because we do not know the color genetics of the gray mare, and we do not know enough about the genetics of Appaloosa horses. I can tell you that 50% of the offspring of a gray horse will turn gray.

    Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Specialist
    806-378-4550

  • Heather

    I bred my sorrel QH mare to Starbuck Sidekick (grey stallion)QH. I’m not sure what color the stallion was before he turned grey. My mare dam was grey, she produced 2 sorrels and 4 grey offsprings. My filly was born last year a sorrel with silver grey on her legs. Within 2 weeks, she shed out a chocolate brown\sorrel color and lost the silver hair on her legs. She is now a yearling, she is sorrel color with chocolate brown under coat. The mare is sorrel, more like a copper penny with flaxen mane and tail. My filly is starting to have a few white hairs around her flanks and on her body but no white hairs around her face or eyes. Do you think she will turn grey or could she just be a sorrel with white roaning? I forgot to mention the mare also has white around flanks and sides too. Is there anything else that will let me know what color she might be, I registered her as a grey, but may need to change her papers.

  • Lisa Covey

    Hello Heather,

    Thank you for your e-mail and to answer your question from what you have described I would register this sorrel. I would watch for increasing amounts of white hair in the face and down the bridge of the nose,and the back of the ears for early signs of gray.

    Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Specialist
    806-378-4550

  • Paige

    I have a tovero red dun mare out of T C Dunnit a red dun overo stallion. I would like to breed her, and I would like to get a buckskin or bay foal. What color stallion would I have to breed her to, to recive a buckskin or bay?

  • Lisa Covey

    Hello Paige,

    Thank you for your e-mail and to answer your question, you would want to breed your red dun mare to a stallion that carries the crème dilution and black gene. You would need to breed to buckskin which can result in sorrel, chestnut, palomino, bay, buckskin, black, brown, grullo, red dun or dun.

    Thanks,

    Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Specialist
    806-378-4550

  • Rose

    I was wondering if these color genetics also work outside of the Quarter Horse breed?
    I have a chestnut/sorrel mare I would like to breed to a dapple grey stallion. The stallion’s side is almost all dominated with grey and dapple grey coloring.
    I don’t know what my mare’s sire and dam color’s were, but she is a bright red chestnut.
    Thanks!

  • M.E.

    I have a grey fleabitten mare that was a buckskin when born. Her sire was a buckskin. I would like to breed her to get a buckskin, is that possible or will she always throw a grey? Previous owner thought she was a dapple grey, but she has cream flecks on her, so I know she’s fleabitten and was a buckskin when born.
    Thanks!

  • Lisa Covey

    Hello M.E.

    Thank you for your e-mail. To answer your question, it is possible to get other colors from breeding your gray mare, but it is also possible the foals could turn gray. Keep in mind that by breeding to another creme diluted horse you have a chance of getting a double creme diluted foal(cremello or perlino).

    Thanks,

    Lisa Covey or Debbie Black
    Equine Color Specialist

  • marissa

    you so lucky you can ofored a hose

  • marissa

    you so lucky you can ofored a horse

  • Color Possibilities – America’s Horse Daily

    [...] dapple grey mare – with a lot of freckles on her – to a chestnut stallion. What are the possible colors I might get? What would I have to breed her to to get a [...]

  • Vonne

    I have a colt that is out of a sorrel crop out mare with a flaxen mane and tail. The sire was typical chestnut. This colt is chestnut like is sire. With big darker chestnut spots all over his rump and flanks. And he has roaning through his flanks. His dam has roaning on her sides and flanks. This year some of his spots roaned out. Most of his sires foals always had 1 or 2 spots. His dam also had some chestnut spots. As she got close to 30 yrs old some roaned or just got grey. Someone said they were called Three Bars “spots”. He’s very unique looking. Isn’t this sort of strange?

  • Flashy Paint Coat Color – America’s Horse Daily

    [...] Quarter Horse Coat Colors and America’s [...]

  • Shannon

    Hi,
    I have a gray mare that i am interested in breeding to a buckskin stud. The mare has had 2 foals, one sorrel (bred to a chesnut stud) and one gray/buckskin (bred to a buckskin). I DO NOT want a cremelo. What are the chances that i might get a cremelo foal?

  • kianna

    Hi i have a grulla tobeono stallion if i was to breed him to a overo sorrel mare, what would the baby look like?

  • Orphans Don’t Have to Be Oddballs, Part 1 – America’s Horse Daily

    [...] Last Easy Frost, was nowhere to be found. Jennifer found him with the rest of the herd, suckling a buckskin mare as the mare’s foal calmly stood by. Jennifer brought the mare and foals into the [...]

  • Lisa Covey

    Hello Kianna,

    Thank you for your e-mail. To answer your question you have less than a 20% chance of each of these colors grullo, black, dun, bay, red dun or chestnut.

    If you any questions about paint horse characteristics you will need to contact the American Paint Horse Association.

    Thanks,

    Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Specialist

  • Cheryl Gomes

    Can a Blue Roan have a white blaze or strip on his face?

  • Kris

    Hi,
    I have a palomino paint overo mare that we are breeding to a black and white paint stallion that is homozygous for the black gene.
    What color baby may I have?
    Thank you so much!

  • Sam

    My mare is due any day now, and I’m super excited to see what the foal will be… my mare is a VERY dark buckskin, she almost could pass as grulla. And she was bred to a paint stallion that does not produce 100% paint foals everytime… could you help me figure out what my foal possibly could be? I really want a solid! Thanks you in advance!

  • Desarae

    I have 2011 filly I’m trying to start papers on, but not sure what color you would call her. The mare is a grulla, complete with stripes on her legs and over her withers. Stud is a dark bay roan, all black points. The filly was dark dun, almost bay when born, but has now changed. She’s dark bay around her head & hind quarters, lighter dun from shoulders to hip. Very pale around her muzzle, very light on her legs (like palomino light). All black points, black mane/tail/hooves with dorsal stripe (which has faded some), and stripe over her withers. Would you still call her a dun, is she going to turn grullo on me or maybe even roan out?

  • Lisa Covey

    Desarae,

    Thank you for your e-mail and to answer your question; from your description this offspring sounds as if it will be bay or brown.

    If you are unsure at the time of registration leave the color blank and include photos of the offspring so we can review them for you.

    Debbie Black or Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Specialist

  • Tracet

    Hello I have a preg mare also she’s a qh white flesbitten some gray! In her! She’s 15.2hh pretty mare she’s already had two paint babys very prety first colt was brownish color paint! Second one was a gray and white colt now bred again
    she was bred to a apha stud paint 4 yro 15hh black white paint?
    What color u think shell have I know her 2 colt was a boy!

  • Tracet

    also have a paint tovero gelding tri color 16.3hh tall his dominat color is white!
    More color dhows is white! And patches are bay and has dome chestnut n black in some places!!
    Blue eyes very pretty gourges great horse but gets sunburnt

    Can they still get burnt in the fall ??

  • Tracet

    also have a bby filly she’s either
    3-4months old dad is apha moms paint also dad 15hh mom14hh moms bay paint dads blck paint she
    came out to be a black white paint tobiano filly
    she eats grass and drinks water!
    But I tried feeding her! I fed her pellets wouldn’t eat them fed her sweet feed wouldn’t eat gave her apple treats n moalsses treats wouldn’t eat em either ?? Why??

  • Brock

    i have a regisered Palimimio paint mare that i am thinking bout breeding to a cremello stud.Does anyone have a idea of what color foal i might get.

  • ray soltz

    hi, i have flesbitten grey t.b. mare tyvara that i`m breeding to a thoroughbred palomino stud she had 3 foals and they look like the sire`s colors no greys do you think she have a palomino?

  • reinldo magno

    minha egua e branca e cruzou com um mangalarga branco mas o potro e baio , ele pode mudar sua cor sim ou não , se sim para qual, sabendo que ele e macho.obrigado

  • Kasi Terpening

    I have a 2 year old grey and white tovero mare, that I am wanting to breed to a buckskin overo. What are my likely chances there? I also have a solid dark grey mare out of a grey dam and sorrel stud, that I am wanting to breed to a sorrel stud. What are the color predictions there? Thanks!

  • Lisa Covey

    Kasi,

    Thank you for your e-mail and to answer your question, without knowing the genetic background of the gray horses your possibilities are sorrel with about a 50% chance of turning gray.

    Your second question regarding the paint horse patters and colors should be directed to The American Paint Horse Association.

    Debbie Black or Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Specialist

  • Newton

    I have a buckskin mare. I want to breed her to either a buckskin or grulla stud. What could I expect from each

  • Sarah

    Dear Lisa,
    I have a stallion that I think is a sorrel color and a mare you is white. I don’t think it’s cremello because it is Very White!
    I can happily say that she’s pregnant with twins! I hope to know in advance what color coats the foals will most likely have (and less likely have).
    Thank you so much,
    Sarah.

  • Holley Theiler

    I have a tri color (red, white and black)Tennessee Walker mare that is bred to a palomino Quarter horse stallion. Any ideas on what color foal I may get.?

  • Kelsey

    Hello,

    My 4 year old mare looks like a brown based dun.
    Her Dam was a grey mare that was born bay. dam’s dam is grey born bay.
    The sire is a bay with both parents and grandparents bays and duns.

    I know that greys can throw 50% grey and 50% color but does the color stay color their whole lives?

    My horse has shown no signs of greying at age 4, but could she start the process at any age?

    Thanks,

    Kelsey

  • Dana

    I have a dapple gray mare with a dorsal stripe with a few red hairs. I know she has dun, palamino, and buckskin in her lineage. If bred to a Perlino stud would the chances of something other than gray be better than a Red Roan stud?

  • christine simoneau

    I have the ugliest filly on the planet! She is a palomino and was off white when she was born. Her Dam is black with a red gene and her sneaky sire was a cremello pony. I named her Dolce’ but she is anything but “sweet”. Dolce’ is 1yr old now and finally halter broke. and as she sheds she is gold, cinnamon, black all swirled into one with a flaxen mane and tail. I would love to send pictures to anybody who might have a clue, I suppose she has the the sooty gene but she looks merle. If she had been the color of her legs (a cinn. red/brown) I think she would nave been pretty but that goes to her belly and stopps and the the swerl takes over, and her temper is allmost as bad, it has taken all this time just to get her to lead! She is coming around, slowly, but I had hoped to sell her. Well she is a horse of a different color!

  • Lisa Covey

    Christine,

    Thank you for your e-mail and to answer your question when submitting her application you may include photos of her. Go ahead and leave her color choice blank and it will be sent to a color specialist to be reviewed.

    Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Speicalist

  • madison westbrook

    So if you breed a red roan stud with his parents being a bay and black,and a red dun mare with her parents being both red duns what color would the colt most likely be?

  • Lisa Covey

    Madison,

    Thank you for your e-mail and to answer your question the only color possibilities would be sorrel/chestnut, red roan, red dun or red dun/roan.

    Lisa Covey
    Equine Color Speicalist

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